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這些獨(dú)具匠心的光譜儀幫助人類制造了二戰(zhàn)前無法想象的東西，但是這幾種光譜又有一些天生的缺點(diǎn)：These help humans have great originality spectrometer made before World War II can't imagine things, but these spectral have some innate shortcomings:
4年，硅漂移探測器SDD被用于XRFIn 4 years, silicon drift detector SDD was used for XRF
6年，直讀光譜儀再次升級。�？催^前幾集內(nèi)容的同學(xué)都知道，這是隔壁“集成電路”貼的功勞，如果沒有集成電路，我們可能還在使用原始的模擬火花光源……6 years, direct reading spectrometer upgrade again.. Read the contents of the previous few students are aware that this is next door to the "integrated circuit" of the credit, if there is no integrated circuit, we may also use the original simulation of the spark source......
ICP同樣也對原子吸收造成了威脅，尤其是火焰法，因為空氣-乙炔火焰溫度太低了，一些重要的元素?zé)怀鰜怼?966年，@MaxAmos和@JohnWillis使用了一種新的燃料：氧化亞氮-乙炔（分析圈注：氧化亞氮俗稱笑氣），這樣就大大提高了原子吸收火焰的溫度，可以用來分析原先無法檢測的元素。原子吸收的應(yīng)用范圍也被拓寬了。ICP is also a threat to atomic absorption, especially in the flame, because the air - acetylene flame temperature is too low, some of the important elements are not burned out. In 1966, @MaxAmos and @JohnWillis using a new Nitrous Oxide fuel: acetylene (Note: Nitrous Oxide circle analysis commonly known as laughing gas), thus greatly improve the atomic absorption flame temperature, can be used to inspect the original elemental analysis. The application of atomic absorption has also been broadened.
直讀光譜儀不能檢測非金屬；Non metal detection spectrometer cannot;
但是不管是ICP也好，原子吸收直讀光譜儀也好，所有的光譜儀都使用了制作標(biāo)（經(jīng)）準(zhǔn)（驗）曲線的方法來檢測樣品。唯一的例外是XRF，昨天提到的美國科學(xué)家謝爾曼根據(jù)X射線的獨(dú)特原理發(fā)明了“基本參數(shù)法”，純粹通過數(shù)學(xué)計算來檢測所有未知的樣品。但是因為謝爾曼方程的變態(tài)復(fù)雜吊炸天，幾乎沒幾個人類看得懂，所以FP法基本沒人鳥。But whether it is ICP or atomic absorption spectrometer or all spectrometer are used for producing label (by) quasi (inspection) curve method to detect samples. The only exception is XRF, the American scientist Sherman, who was mentioned yesterday, has invented the "fundamental parameter method" based on the unique principle of X - ray. But because of the complexity of the Sherman equation hanging deep fried days, almost few people can understand, so FP law basically no one bird.
3年，尼通公司發(fā)明了世界上第一臺手持式XRF。3 years, niton invented the world's first handheld XRF.
4年，@A.A.Sterk第一次使用了離子激發(fā)源用于生成X射線。For the first time in 4 years, @A.A.Sterk used an ion excitation source for the generation of X rays.
6年，美國加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的@HarryBowman和他的團(tuán)隊第一次使用了一臺能量色散型X射線光譜儀（EDXRF）進(jìn)行測樣，并且獲得了不錯的效果。在當(dāng)時以波長色散性XRF為主的年代，EDXRF極大地延伸了XRF的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。也因為EDXRF的出現(xiàn)，XRF技術(shù)頂住了ICP帶來的壓力，成為了一些行業(yè)的主要的分析方法。In 6 years, @HarryBowman and his team at University of California at Berkeley used an energy dispersive X - ray spectrometer (EDXRF) for the first time, and a good result was obtained. At that time, in the era of wavelength dispersive XRF, EDXRF greatly extended the application field of XRF. Also because of the emergence of XRF, EDXRF technology to withstand the pressure of ICP, has become the main analysis of some of the industry.
原子吸收用于單個元素的化學(xué)分析；Chemical analysis of atomic absorption for individual elements;
0年，輝光放電再次吸引了分析圈內(nèi)人的眼球，@Greene和@Whelan用輝光放電光源第一次畫了一幅鍍層濃度分布的圖0 years, glow discharge again attracted the analysis of insider's eye, @Greene and @Whelan by glow discharge source first drew a coating concentration distribution map
在一些學(xué)（Zhai）者（Nan）努力提高各類光譜儀的應(yīng)用范圍，另一些人卻始終認(rèn)為現(xiàn)有的光譜儀仍舊不夠穿越。即使ICP也必須將檢測的樣品溶解成液體才能分析，這樣使用者就必需花費(fèi)大量的時間在樣品處理上。小編我曾經(jīng)遇到一個用ICP的同行，他們老板要他把一臺冰箱里每個零件都用ICP測一遍……后來……后來小編我就再也沒見到這位化驗員了……In some studies (Zhai) (Nan) efforts to improve the application of various types of spectrometer, and others have always considered that the existing spectrometer is still not enough to cross. Even if the ICP has to be dissolved into the liquid in order to analyze the detected samples, so that users will have to spend a lot of time on the sample processing. I used to have a small series of ICP counterparts, their boss wants him to put a refrigerator in every part of the ICP test again...... Later...... Later I would never see the small series of the laboratory staff......
分析圈致力于化學(xué)分析、生命科學(xué)分析的專業(yè)知識，歡迎大家推廣微信公眾號“分析圈”。Analysis circle is committed to chemical analysis, life science analysis of professional knowledge, welcome to promote the WeChat public number analysis circle".
0年，斯派克公司發(fā)明了氮?dú)獯祾叻止馐�。In 0 years, Spike invented a nitrogen purge chamber.
但是一些人仍舊執(zhí)著地堅守其他光譜儀。But some people are still holding on to other spectrometers.
年代之后，越來越多的分析方法被人類所發(fā)現(xiàn)，色譜法、質(zhì)譜法……人類對未知世界的好奇使得“原子發(fā)射光譜”貼歷經(jīng)了300多年后終于慢慢地冷卻了。在這個帖子里有人數(shù)很少但每個個體極具驚人天賦的英國科學(xué)家圈子，有一個數(shù)量龐大的理論派德國科學(xué)家圈子，還有一個喜歡將理論做成儀器的美國科學(xué)家圈子。雖然原子發(fā)射光譜理論還有新的領(lǐng)域值得拓展，比如激光，但是他還是老了，人們都知道這個歷史悠久的精華帖，都來觀摩教科書里的著名ID，但是發(fā)帖的人卻越來越少，逐漸淪為了一個光譜儀器軟文貼。Since the 1990s, more and more analytical methods have been discovered by humans, chromatography, mass spectrometry...... Human curiosity about the unknown world makes the atomic emission spectrum has been posted after more than 300 years and finally slowly cooled. In this post, there are few in number but each individual very amazing genius of British scientists circle, has a large number of German scientists theory circle, there is a circle of love will make us scientists theory instrument. Although the atomic emission spectrum theory and the new field of development, such as laser, but he was old, people are aware of the historic essence, to observe the famous ID in the textbook, but posting fewer and fewer people, gradually reduced to a spectrometer for soft paste.
那么有沒有新的方法能夠同時檢測多元素、可以檢測金屬也可以檢測非金屬、可以檢測重元素可以檢測輕元素呢？So there is no new method can detect multiple elements, can detect metal can also detect non metal, can detect heavy elements can detect light elements?
直讀光譜儀用于金屬多元素同步化學(xué)分析；
在上一集的歷史里面，幾乎所有重要的光譜儀已經(jīng)悉數(shù)登場：In the history of the last episode, almost all of the important spectrometers have been on the stage:
在這10年里，因為ICP的刺激各種光譜都打了雞血似的升級。但是我們的主角ICP還始終躺在實(shí)驗室里，一直到1974年，第一臺商用ICP終于研發(fā)成功了。In this 10 years, because the stimulus spectrum of ICP are all like to play with blood upgrade. But our protagonist ICP still lying in the laboratory, until 1974, the first commercial ICP finally developed a successful.
0年，迷你低功率X射線光管被用于XRF上。In 0 years, a mini - low power X - ray tube is used on the XRF.
自從1666年，@牛頓建了“原子發(fā)射光譜”貼以后，這個帖子在三百多年的歷史中不斷給人類帶來了精華內(nèi)容，甚至樓主@牛頓自己發(fā)的內(nèi)容也被后人推翻。今天，原子發(fā)射光譜的歷史就要結(jié)束了，在最后的這段時間里面，新人ID繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造了新的精華。讓我們從第一個精華帖開始吧。Since 1666, after Newton built the "atomic emission spectrum", this post in the history of more than and 300 years continuously brings about the essence of the content, and even the landlord @ Newton himself sent content was later overturned. Today, the history of the atomic emission spectrum is going to be over, in the last period of time, the new ID to continue to create a new essence. Let's start with the first one.
后面的內(nèi)容就簡單地說吧：Behind the content is simple to say it:
在ICP的鴨梨下，XRF，原子吸收都在不斷的升級，直讀光譜儀終于也忍不住了。1972年，Hilger公司推出了世界上第一臺便攜式電弧/火花直讀光譜儀。這種便攜式直讀光譜儀第一次使用了“激發(fā)槍”+“光纖”模式，光直接從光纖進(jìn)入儀器內(nèi)的分光室。今天許多公司都在爭奪便攜式直讀光譜儀的江湖地位，但是人們幾乎都忘了40年前這家叫Hilger公司，他才是真正的便攜式直讀光譜儀的創(chuàng)造者！In ICP XRF, pear, atomic absorption are constantly upgrading, direct reading spectrometer finally could not help. In 1972, Hilger launched the world's first portable arc / spark spectrometer. This portable spectrometer is used for the first time "stimulate the gun" + "fiber" mode, light directly from the optical fiber into the optical chamber within the instrument. Many companies today are competing for the portable spectrometer status, but people forget 40 years ago the company called Hilger, he is the real creator of the portable spectrometer!
X射線熒光光譜儀用于多個元素的同步化學(xué)分析。Simultaneous chemical analysis of multiple elements by X - ray fluorescence spectrometer.
7年，有一種新的設(shè)想出現(xiàn)了，@W.Grimm發(fā)明了輝光放電光源。雖然今天輝光放電光譜儀不算一個大眾的儀器，但是在一些特定的應(yīng)用場合，比如樣品的表面分析，輝光放電具有非常牛X的應(yīng)用。7 years, there is a new idea emerged, @W.Grimm invented the glow discharge light source. Although today glow discharge spectrometer is not a popular instrument, but in some specific applications, such as the surface analysis of samples, the glow discharge has a very cattle X applications.
這時候，隔壁帖子里的計算機(jī)再次扮演了英雄的角色，人算不來，電腦可以搞定。1968年，@JohnW.Criss和@LaVerneStanleyBirks兩位IT男編寫了第一個“基本參數(shù)法”程序，從此XRF在分析方法上走上了自己獨(dú)特的道路。At this time, the next post in the computer once again played a hero role, people do not come, the computer can be done. In 1968, @JohnW.Criss and @LaVerneStanleyBirks two IT men wrote the first "basic parameter method" program, from the XRF in the analysis method on their own unique way.
3年，英國科學(xué)家@StanleyGreenfield發(fā)明了震驚分析圈的一種儀器：電感耦合等離子發(fā)射光譜儀，簡稱ICP。（分析圈注：英國老是出這種石破天驚的科學(xué)家，現(xiàn)在還有個霍頓）這種新型的原子發(fā)射光譜儀克服了上述所有光譜儀的弱點(diǎn)，真正做到了多元素、多基體、全覆蓋地檢測。今天ICP也是應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域最為廣泛的一款光譜儀。3 years, the British scientist @StanleyGreenfield invented the shock analysis circle of an instrument: inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, referred to as ICP. (Note: the analysis of circle about the practice of British scientists, now there is Horton) to overcome the weakness of this model all spectrometer atomic emission spectrometer, truly multi elements and multi matrix, full coverage detection. Today ICP is also the most widely used in the field of a spectrometer.
2年，Thermo公司第一次在光譜儀上使用了CID檢測器。For the first time in 2 years, Thermo used a CID detector in the spectrometer.
XRF雖然可以同時檢測多元素，可以檢測金屬非金屬，但是不能分析元素周期表里面的輕元素。Although XRF can detect multiple elements simultaneously, it can detect metal non metal, but it can not analyze the light elements in the periodic table.
因為ICP檢測的時間太長了，三位科學(xué)家再次提出了一種更穿越的光譜儀。1966年，@R.G.Tomlinson，@“原子發(fā)射光譜”貼。他們提出了激光誘導(dǎo)光譜儀的概念。這種采用激光作為光源的方法不僅能夠檢測各種形態(tài)的樣品，固體、液體、氣體，而且能夠檢測元素周期表里所有元素（分析圈注：理論上H也是可以測的），同時能夠同時進(jìn)行多元素分析，最后，這種儀器的檢測速度極快，秒級別的。即使是以速度見長的直讀光譜儀、XRF也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如。這也是為什么分析圈上一集信誓旦旦地預(yù)言激光誘導(dǎo)將會成為一種重量級光譜儀的原因。Because the ICP test time is too long, three scientists once again put forward a more through the spectrometer. 1966, @R.G.Tomlinson, @ atomic emission spectrometry. They put forward the concept of laser induced spectrometer. This method uses laser as a light source can not only detect various forms of samples, solid, liquid and gas, but also can detect all elements of the periodic table of elements (Note: the theory analysis of ring H can be measured at the same time), capable of simultaneous multi elemental analysis, the detection speed, this instrument, second level. Even if it is known for its speed, far less than the XRF direct reading spectrometer. This is why the loop analysis on a set of promises to predict will be the cause of a laser induced heavyweight spectrometer.
3年，，將EDXRF的檢測極限提高到了痕量分析級別。In 3 years, the detection limit of EDXRF is increased to the level of trace analysis.
